Richard Golian

1995-born. Charles University alum. Head of Performance at Mixit. 10+ years in marketing and data.

Castellano Français Slovenčina

Manage subscription Choose a plan

RSS
Newsletter
New articles to your inbox
Richard Golian

Article

Autism or ADHD? Flow, Hyperfocus, and Special Interests in a Neurodivergent Mind

How autism shows up, and how to know if you are autistic
Richard Golian
Richard Golian · 2 182 reads
Hi, I am Richard. On this blog, I share thoughts, personal stories, findings and what I am working on. I hope this article brings you some value.

When I talk to people about someone with certain unique traits, I often hear statements like, “You cannot deal with him, he is autistic.” Words associated with neurodivergence are used almost exclusively in a negative context.

To clarify, neurodivergent individuals are those whose cognitive and neurological processes differ from the average.

Stereotypes and Misconceptions

Prejudices against people who exhibit traits commonly associated with neurodivergence often stem from stereotypes. The general perception tends to polarize: on one side, we have successful personalities like Elon Musk; on the other, the idea of individuals entirely "incapable" of functioning in society. The media plays a significant role in this. Movies and TV series often portray characters with autistic traits as genius outsiders.

Another layer of prejudice arises from the way autistic traits are framed as an illness. Discussions revolve around diagnosis and treatment. Concepts become blurred. Everyone with certain traits is grouped together with diagnosed autistics, including those who face significant challenges and cannot function independently (which is a separate topic I do not intend to downplay here).

There is an excessive and unnecessary effort to simplify this complex subject to create the illusion that we understand it. To me, this seems like the opposite of understanding. Complex questions do not have simple answers.

It is important to emphasise that not everyone who exhibits so-called autistic traits manifests all these characteristics, and if they do, it is to varying degrees. Moreover, not everyone who appears to exhibit an autistic trait is autistic. A unique way of experiencing and interacting with the world requires an individualized approach if we truly want to understand it.

Every person is unique. Some exhibit the traits listed below, while others are unique in different ways.

What Are Autistic Traits According to the World Health Organisation (WHO)?

To highlight an ongoing issue in modern practices, let us examine how autism is diagnosed in medical settings.

  • Social Interaction Difficulties:
    • Difficulty understanding and using nonverbal communication cues (e.g., eye contact, gestures, facial expressions).
    • Lack of reciprocity in social relationships (e.g., sharing interests or emotions).
  • Communication Challenges:
    • Delayed or absent speech development without alternative communication methods (e.g., gestures).
    • Echolalia (repetition of words or phrases).
    • Problems initiating or maintaining a dialogue.
  • Repetitive Behaviours and Interests:
    • Strong fixation on routines or rituals.
    • Repetitive movements.
    • Limited or intense focus on specific topics or objects.
  • Sensory Processing:
    • Hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to sensory inputs (e.g., sounds, lights, textures).
    • Unusual reactions to sounds, colours, or physical touch.
  • Cognitive and Emotional Behaviour:
    • Difficulty understanding others' perspectives.
    • Trouble adapting to changes or unexpected events.

When you read this, you may recognise yourself in some of these characteristics. However, this does not mean you are diagnosable as autistic, nor does it mean you have a condition that requires treatment. And it certainly does not mean that it is something that should disqualify you.

Flow State, Hyperfocus, and Special Interests: How They Differ

Let us look at an example of how superficial understanding can lead to confusion in concepts. I am not autistic (I have no reason to think so), but that does not mean that someone looking at my past behaviour superficially could not find, for instance, signs of intense interest.

Continue

Join the Library

Full access to my findings, personal stories, and what I learn from the people I meet.

Join the Library · €29.99 per year Fable 5 vs Opus 4.8: I Ran the Same… I Ran Object Detection on My Laptop, and Saw… Bot or Human? What My… Dependent on AI: Are We… Which Work Will AI Not Replace? Not Yet… Dead internet theory is becoming reality. Will we return…
Read only this one · €2,99

Get the full article by email and feel free to reply if you want to discuss it further.

Visa Mastercard Apple Pay Google Pay

Summary

Media creates polarized perceptions of neurodivergent people, either genius outliers or entirely incapable. Reality is far more nuanced. Not everyone exhibiting certain traits manifests all characteristics. Flow, special interests, and hyperfocus deserve individual analysis, not categorical labels.

Common questions on this article's topic

How does autism show up?
According to the World Health Organisation, autism shows up in five areas: difficulties in social interaction, communication challenges, repetitive behaviours and interests, different sensory processing, and trouble adapting to change. Not everyone with autistic traits manifests all of these characteristics, and if they do, it is to varying degrees.
How do you know if you are autistic?
You cannot tell from a list of traits. Recognising yourself in some characteristics does not mean you are diagnosable as autistic, nor that you have a condition that requires treatment. A diagnosis requires professional assessment of context, intensity, and impact on everyday functioning. That is why the article resists simplification: complex questions do not have simple answers.
Autism or ADHD: what is the difference?
On the surface, intense focus looks the same, but the mechanism differs. Hyperfocus, associated mainly with ADHD, arrives spontaneously through a stimulus and is not always productive. Special interests, associated with autism, are long-term fascinations that shape identity. Flow can be experienced by anyone. None of these states is a diagnosis on its own.
What is hyperfocus?
Hyperfocus is an intense, often involuntary absorption in a single activity, to the point of ignoring time, surroundings, and basic needs. It is triggered spontaneously by a particular stimulus and is more commonly associated with neurodivergence, especially ADHD. Unlike flow, hyperfocus is not always productive and is not always under your control. Flow, hyperfocus, and special interests are three distinct states, and flattening them into a single label is where most of the misunderstanding begins.
What is a flow state?
A flow state is a short-lived condition of complete absorption in an activity, first described by the psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. It appears when you have a clear goal, immediate feedback, and a balance between your skill and the challenge in front of you. In that state self-consciousness fades, your sense of time distorts, and performance tends to peak. Anyone can experience it, which is one reason it should not be confused with hyperfocus or with autistic special interests.
What does neurodivergent mean?
Neurodivergent refers to individuals whose cognitive and neurological processes differ from the statistical average. This encompasses differences in sensory processing, social interaction, focus, and cognition. The term describes natural variation in how brains work, not a disease or deficiency. In the article, the emphasis is on approaching each person individually rather than applying categorical labels.
Can someone exhibit autistic traits without being autistic?
Yes. Clinical research confirms that autistic traits exist on a continuum across the general population, with autism representing the more intense end of the spectrum. Exhibiting some traits from diagnostic criteria does not mean a person meets the threshold for diagnosis, which requires that traits cause clinically significant impairment in daily functioning. In the article, this point is made explicitly: recognising yourself in a list of characteristics does not mean you are diagnosable or that you need treatment.
Richard Golian

If you have any thoughts, questions, or feedback, feel free to drop me a message at mail@richardgolian.com.

NEWSLETTER
What I write about, what I am working on, what I learned.
Sent the first Sunday of the month. Unsubscribe anytime.

Related articles

I Ran Object Detection on My Laptop, and Saw Everything Is Possible

A few weeks ago I installed a small local AI model on my laptop that watches a live camera feed. I turned the webcam on in the dark, and in near total darkness it recognised me and the objects in the room. That such things exist, I have known for a long time. What opened my eyes was the accessibility. I installed it in one prompt, free, and it runs entirely on my machine, sending data nowhere.

15 July 2026·282 reads
Is AI Making Us Dumber?

I have conducted roughly one hundred and fifty practical interviews over the past four years. Fifty for data specialist roles. A hundred for advertising and performance marketing specialists. Almost every one of them involved sitting down with a candidate over a practical task, something close to a real problem we actually need to solve at the company. Not theory. Not trivia. Applied problem-solving. Over time, I started noticing a pattern.

14 April 2026·1 464 reads
What AI Hides From You

Before you can teach AI to understand anything, you need to see what it is hiding from you.

11 April 2026·1 568 reads

More articles

Fable 5 vs Opus 4.8: the cheaper model won

The same task, two models. Fable 5 against Opus 4.8. On paper Fable is the better model, with a larger context and stronger specs. And still it lost. Opus handled the task with a single round of checking for 721,000 tokens, while Fable needed nine rounds and burnt through 2.78 million tokens. The difference was not in the model, but in how I set the task. And I know it, because I measured it.

22 July 2026·505 reads
My blog is full of bots and AI agents

I once wrote about building my own privacy-friendly analytics tool. It had bot detection from the first version, yet it was not enough. Direct visits took a strangely high share of my traffic. When someone claims that 20% of their visits are bots and 80% are humans, I used to think the same. Today I would say the opposite ratio is closer to the truth. This is how I got there.

6 July 2026·1 751 reads
Dependent on AI: Are We Still Masters, or Slaves?

I have Heidegger and my notebook beside me. I am asking where all of this is heading, where artificial intelligence is taking us.

21 June 2026·716 reads
Which Work Will AI Not Replace?

Seventy per cent. That is where the first AI output begins, even when you give it the full company context and the best examples from the past. We are talking about the kind of output that cannot be defined programmatically. It is more complex. Often it is creative work. On one repeated type of output I reached eighty per cent within a week. Every further percentage point is harder than the one before.

10 June 2026·651 reads
What is the dead internet theory? Will we return offline?

For a long time we treated the internet as the main road. The place where work and relationships happen. Yet most of what we see on it today is, or soon will be, AI-generated: text, images, profiles and comments. The internet is turning into an online game full of bots, where you cannot be sure that a human is on the other side of anything. So I ask: was the online world the main road, or only a temporary detour that part of us will return from, back offline?

7 June 2026·811 reads
The Gap Between Professionals in the AI Era

A few days ago I interviewed a senior marketer. An experienced man, years of practice. I asked him about AI. He said he barely uses it. He had one bad experience with the output and decided he was too senior for it to add value when it is not perfect. I know the other side too: professionals who automate everything that can be automated.

6 June 2026·748 reads
Europe Is Not Ready for Drone Warfare

Europe does not have the capacity to face a full-scale, mass drone war of the kind we see in Ukraine. Three dependencies weaken it: China supplies the physical material for defence systems, the United States supplies capabilities Europe does not have, and twenty-seven states cannot agree how fast, or who pays. Rearmament plans exist, but they are being carried out slowly.

31 May 2026·725 reads
Can AI Replace Human Judgement?

AI produces the graphic, the newsletter and the product page faster than a person. What is left for the one who used to do it is the judgement, knowing whether the output is good. But most people have worse judgement than AI. And whoever cannot judge quality cannot delegate either. How do you tell whether yours is the judgement a company relies on, or the kind it can replace?

30 May 2026·707 reads
What Determines a Stock Price?

In April, in the first part of this series, I wrote about an AI prediction system I had started building on my own machine. At the time the software was a few hours old and the prediction record was empty. The record since then has shown one thing: the system does not yet understand the market it is being asked to forecast. It can pull macro context, book value, earnings. But it cannot put those together into something that helps it understand the price.

23 May 2026·755 reads
All in on AI agents, or an analogue life.

Four days in Catalonia. No computer, no AI, almost no social media. I bought this notebook so that I could write down what I would think about, and what I would come across and learn on the trip.

10.5.2026·1 289 reads
NEWSLETTER
What I write about, what I am working on, what I learned.
Sent the first Sunday of the month. Unsubscribe anytime.