Richard Golian

1995-born. Charles University alum. Head of Performance at Mixit. 10+ years in marketing and data.

Castellano Français Slovenčina

Manage subscription Choose a plan

RSS
Newsletter
New articles to your inbox

Article

How to Understand Slovakia and Its Politics (You Probably Cannot)

Slovak politics and Slovakia's pro-Russian tilt inside NATO and the EU
Richard Golian
Richard Golian · 2 522 reads
Hi, I am Richard. On this blog, I share thoughts, personal stories, findings and what I am working on. I hope this article brings you some value.
Listen to this article
0:00 / 0:00

Why is Slovakia often described as one of the most pro-Russian countries in the European Union, while at the same time being deeply integrated into NATO and the eurozone? How is it possible that, during a certain phase of the war in Ukraine, Slovakia was one of Ukraine’s biggest supporters – on par with the Baltic states – and yet today, it has one of the most pro-Russian foreign policies in the EU? What is going on here?

So, sit down, grab something good to eat – today, I am diving into one of my favourite questions about Slovakia and its politics.

Why is Slovakia pro-Russian? How to understand Slovak politics

First of all: you cannot. Not even Slovaks understand Slovakia. And those who claim they do usually are not even trying – they are just speaking from inside one of the country’s opinion bubbles.

When it comes to Slovakia, the question needs to be more humble. More grounded. We should be asking: How can we try to understand Slovakia?

Protest against Robert Fico's foreign policy in Slovakia
Protest against Robert Fico's foreign policy under the Slovak National Uprising Memorial in Banská Bystrica

Why Slovakia Turned From Ukraine to Russia

Let us pause for a moment on my opening. You might think this sudden political U-turn – the shift in Slovakia’s stance toward Ukraine – is strange, maybe even shocking. But it is not. It did not surprise me. I have been trying to think of a way to explain it clearly. What follows will be a simplification, but one that touches on something essential about Slovak politics.

Slovak History: Always on Both Sides, From the Habsburgs to World War II

Here is the thing: in every conflict, Slovaks are winners. Why? Because they are always on both sides.

Under the monarchy, some Slovaks sided with the Habsburgs, others with the anti-Habsburg uprisings. During World War I, some fought for the emperor – the Central Powers – while others supported the creation of Czechoslovakia, which meant backing the Allies. In World War II, Slovak soldiers marched alongside Nazi Germany into Poland and the Soviet Union – but today, we celebrate the victory of the anti-fascist coalition, of which exiled Czechoslovakia was a part – and we remember the uprising of part of the Slovak army against its own regime and the looming German occupation.

Confused? That is okay. It gets worse.

No Event Unites Slovakia: From Czechoslovakia to the Slovak National Uprising

I cannot think of a single historical event that all Slovaks agree is worth celebrating.

The creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918? Celebrated by some. Others reject it for being too dominated by Czechoslovakism.

Continue

Continue reading for free

Enter your email to keep reading for free. This also subscribes you to my monthly newsletter. No spam, unsubscribe anytime.

Summary

In every conflict Slovaks win. Why? Because they are always on both sides. Pro-Russian in the surveys, yet anchored in the EU, the euro and NATO. I am Slovak, and this is one of my favourite questions about the country. To understand its politics you must accept one thing: consensus has never existed here, and probably never will.

Common questions on this article's topic

Is Slovakia really pro-Russian?
Slovakia is simultaneously one of the most pro-Russian countries in EU surveys and a fully integrated member of NATO and the eurozone. In the article, this paradox is explained through a deeper pattern: in every major historical conflict, Slovaks have been on both sides. There has never been a single historical event that all Slovaks agree is worth celebrating, not the creation of Czechoslovakia, not the Slovak National Uprising, not even independence in 1993.
Why did Slovakia shift from supporting Ukraine to a pro-Russian foreign policy?
In the article, this is presented as less surprising than it appears. Slovakia donated an S-300 air defence system to Ukraine in April 2022, one of the most significant contributions from any NATO ally. Yet by late 2023, a new government under Robert Fico reversed course entirely. This is consistent with the historical pattern: Slovak politics oscillates between orientations because the population is fundamentally split on all major questions.
Why cannot Slovaks agree on their own history?
In the article, a systematic review of major historical events demonstrates the pattern. The creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 is rejected by some as too Czechoslovakist. The wartime Slovak State of 1939 is celebrated by a portion of the population. The 1944 Slovak National Uprising saw the country's own president award medals to those who suppressed it. The Velvet Revolution, Constitution Day, and independence in 1993 all remain contested. No single event unites the entire nation.
What makes Slovak politics so difficult to understand for outsiders?
In the article, the answer is blunt: you cannot fully understand Slovak politics. Not even Slovaks understand it. Those who claim they do are usually speaking from inside one of the country's opinion bubbles. The recommendation is to approach Slovakia with humility and accept that consensus has never existed. The country's small size means every divide cuts deeply into personal relationships, making political questions simultaneously national and intimate.
How does Slovakia's divided history affect its current politics?
The historical pattern of being on both sides of every conflict directly shapes today's political landscape. In the article, this is illustrated through the observation that even Milan Rastislav Štefánik, perhaps the most universally admired Slovak figure, is only universally respected because he died before entering domestic politics. Had he lived and taken a stand on serious political questions, he too would have become controversial.
Is there hope for political consensus in Slovakia?
The article does not offer false optimism. The structural conditions for consensus (a shared national narrative, agreed-upon historical foundations, unified media landscape) do not exist and arguably never have. What the article suggests is that understanding this reality is the prerequisite for any meaningful engagement with Slovak politics. Expecting consensus where none has ever existed leads only to frustration.
Is Slovakia in NATO and the EU?
Yes. Slovakia joined both NATO and the European Union in 2004, and it adopted the euro in 2009. This is the paradox at the heart of the article: Slovakia is one of the most pro-Russian countries in EU opinion surveys, yet it is fully anchored in NATO, the EU and the eurozone. Pro-Russian sentiment here is a matter of politics and public mood, not of formal alliances.
When did Czechoslovakia split into Slovakia and the Czech Republic?
Czechoslovakia split on 1 January 1993, when Slovakia became an independent state. In the article this is presented as one more contested moment rather than a shared triumph: a large part of society never wanted Czechoslovakia to break up, and not everyone treats the founding of independent Slovakia as something worth celebrating.
Which EU countries are seen as the most pro-Russian?
Slovakia and Hungary are the two EU member states most often described as pro-Russian, both in public opinion and in the tone of their governments. The article concentrates on Slovakia and argues that its pro-Russian leanings are not a sudden anomaly but the latest expression of a much older pattern: in every historical conflict, Slovaks have ended up on both sides.
Is Slovakia safe?
Yes. Slovakia is a safe and stable member of the European Union, NATO and the eurozone, and everyday life here is calm and ordinary. The pro-Russian label that shows up in surveys describes political attitudes, not any danger to visitors or residents. The article argues that the deepest divides in Slovakia are internal and political, not a question of safety.
Richard Golian

If you have any thoughts, questions, or feedback, feel free to drop me a message at mail@richardgolian.com.

Related articles

Slovakia's Economy in 2026

What happened, and how can it be reversed?

28 March 2026·2 174 reads
Andrej Sámel, The First to Speak Out Against Mečiar and Warn Havel About Czechoslovakia’s Breakup

“Unforgivable, unjustified. It can never be forgotten.”

17 November 2019·5 076 reads
The Wild Mountain Heart of Slovakia

It is home to all the large Carpathian predators.

16 March 2026·1 784 reads

More articles

Dependent on AI: Are We Still Masters, or Slaves?

I have Heidegger and my notebook beside me. I am asking where all of this is heading, where artificial intelligence is taking us.

21 June 2026·440 reads
Which Work Will AI Not Replace?

Seventy per cent. That is where the first AI output begins, even when you give it the full company context and the best examples from the past. We are talking about the kind of output that cannot be defined programmatically. It is more complex. Often it is creative work. On one repeated type of output I reached eighty per cent within a week. Every further percentage point is harder than the one before.

10 June 2026·437 reads
What is the dead internet theory? Will we return offline?

For a long time we treated the internet as the main road. The place where work and relationships happen. Yet most of what we see on it today is, or soon will be, AI-generated: text, images, profiles and comments. The internet is turning into an online game full of bots, where you cannot be sure that a human is on the other side of anything. So I ask: was the online world the main road, or only a temporary detour that part of us will return from, back offline?

7 June 2026·486 reads
The Gap Between Professionals in the AI Era

A few days ago I interviewed a senior marketer. An experienced man, years of practice. I asked him about AI. He said he barely uses it. He had one bad experience with the output and decided he was too senior for it to add value when it is not perfect. I know the other side too: professionals who automate everything that can be automated.

6 June 2026·549 reads
Europe Is Not Ready for Drone Warfare

Europe does not have the capacity to face a full-scale, mass drone war of the kind we see in Ukraine. Three dependencies weaken it: China supplies the physical material for defence systems, the United States supplies capabilities Europe does not have, and twenty-seven states cannot agree how fast, or who pays. Rearmament plans exist, but they are being carried out slowly.

31 May 2026·501 reads
Can AI Replace Human Judgement?

AI produces the graphic, the newsletter and the product page faster than a person. What is left for the one who used to do it is the judgement, knowing whether the output is good. But most people have worse judgement than AI. And whoever cannot judge quality cannot delegate either. How do you tell whether yours is the judgement a company relies on, or the kind it can replace?

30 May 2026·507 reads
What Determines a Stock Price?

In April, in the first part of this series, I wrote about an AI prediction system I had started building on my own machine. At the time the software was a few hours old and the prediction record was empty. The record since then has shown one thing: the system does not yet understand the market it is being asked to forecast. It can pull macro context, book value, earnings. But it cannot put those together into something that helps it understand the price.

23 May 2026·569 reads
Where the Money Goes When AI Takes the Work: Mapping the AI Economy

Prague, 13 May 2026. On my way to work I started thinking about something that stayed with me for days. If most routine work on a computer disappears in the next ten years, and a large share of repetitive manual work disappears with it, what happens to the flow of money? Who pays whom for what? Which economic layers will exist, how large will they be, and what relationships will run between them? This is the six-layer map I sketched as an answer.

15 May 2026·1 191 reads
Can AI Predict the Stock Market? Building a Calibrated System

I am building an AI system to predict the S&P 500. It runs on my own machine, uses free public data (yfinance, FRED, the Shiller dataset), and grades every forecast against reality. This series documents the build itself: the decisions, the methodology, the mistakes. What I will eventually share from the running system is a separate question, and an honest one.

26 April 2026·1 494 reads
AI sales forecast: 9 traps so far

Yesterday I could not tear myself away from the computer. When I lifted my head, it was half past eight in the evening. I had been sitting alone upstairs for about three hours.

25 April 2026·1 032 reads
All in on AI agents, or an analogue life.

Four days in Catalonia. No computer, no AI, almost no social media. I bought this notebook so that I could write down what I would think about, and what I would come across and learn on the trip.

10.5.2026·944 reads
NEWSLETTER
What I write about, what I am working on, what I learned.
Sent the first Sunday of the month. Unsubscribe anytime.