Richard Golian

1995-born. Charles University alum. Head of Performance at Mixit. 10+ years in marketing and data.

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Decision-Making in Marketing and Advertising Under Uncertainty

Navigating the Sea of Uncertainty
Richard Golian
Richard Golian · 4 746 reads
Hi, I am Richard. On this blog, I share thoughts, personal stories, findings and what I am working on. I hope this article brings you some value.
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In the past, I judged my decisions by their outcomes. Over time, I recognised that many choices I once deemed "bad" only had unfavourable consequences. Today, I realise that what truly matters in a decision is not its outcome but its optimality given the circumstances and available information, or, more accurately, how closely it approximates the optimal decision.

Decision-making in marketing and advertising

How should we approach decision-making in marketing and advertising, especially under uncertainty? Can a decision with a negative outcome be more optimal than one with a positive outcome? Yes.

During my experience in decision-making in marketing and optimising budgets for online advertising, I have discovered that specific days within seasonal campaigns present exceptional opportunities. However, capitalising on these opportunities requires embracing a higher level of risk than on ordinary days. It is impossible to rely on data from the previous day with certainty, and waiting a few hours for data on a given day means the irreversible loss of many opportunities.

Without divulging sensitive details, the essential lesson I have gathered is that accepting a higher level of risk in these cases is advisable. Rather than fixating on individual situations, I focus on a 70% probability of a positive outcome in these cases. With this probability in mind, each decision of this type can be considered suitable, regardless of the impact of a single decision. What is important here is the high probability that the profit of decisions with a positive effect will cover the losses.

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Summary

I stopped evaluating decisions by outcomes alone. A decision with 70% success probability that fails was still the right call. The Weak Law of Large Numbers: as trials increase, average outcomes converge to expected value. Most people seek certainty. I seek optimality.

Common questions on this article's topic

Should a decision be judged by its outcome or by its quality?
By its quality. A core principle in decision theory holds that a decision should be evaluated based on its optimality given the circumstances and available information, not by the outcome it happens to produce. A well-reasoned decision with a 70% probability of success that fails was still the right call. Annie Duke calls the tendency to judge decisions by outcomes rather than process resulting, and argues it is one of the most common thinking errors.
What is the Weak Law of Large Numbers and how does it apply to business decisions?
The Weak Law of Large Numbers states that as the number of trials increases, the average of the outcomes will converge to the expected value. In practice, this means that a strategy with a positive expected value will produce good results over many repetitions, even if individual outcomes vary. In the article, this principle is used as an anchor for making marketing and investment decisions under uncertainty.
How should you make decisions in marketing when data is incomplete?
In the article, the approach is to accept higher risk during peak opportunities, such as key days in seasonal campaigns, when waiting for complete data means losing the moment. Rather than seeking certainty, the focus is on whether the probability of a positive outcome is high enough to justify the decision across many repetitions. The insight is that irreversible loss of opportunity can be worse than the risk of an individual negative outcome.
What does it mean to be process-oriented rather than result-oriented?
Being process-oriented means evaluating the quality of your decision-making method rather than fixating on individual results. A good process consistently applied will produce good outcomes over time, even if any single decision may fail. This framework, advocated by Annie Duke and grounded in expected utility theory from von Neumann and Morgenstern, separates the skill of decision-making from the randomness of outcomes.
Can a decision with a negative outcome still be the right decision?
Yes. If a decision was optimal given the available information and the probability of success was sufficiently high, a negative outcome does not retroactively make it a bad decision. In the article, this is illustrated through marketing budget allocation during seasonal peaks: a decision with a 70% probability of positive return that happens to fail once is still correct, because over many such decisions, the gains will outweigh the losses.
Why do most people struggle with decision-making under uncertainty?
Because most people are result-oriented and seek certainty. They judge past decisions by what happened rather than by what was knowable at the time. This leads to risk aversion in situations where accepting risk would be optimal, and to overconfidence in situations where outcomes happened to be favourable. Recognising that uncertainty is inherent, and that good decisions can still produce bad outcomes, is the first step toward better judgement.
Richard Golian

If you have any thoughts, questions, or feedback, feel free to drop me a message at mail@richardgolian.com.

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